Literacy in India

Literacy reflects the socio-economic and cultural set-up of a nation, ethnic group or community. Literacy is essential not only for the eradi­cation of poverty but also for mental isolation for cultivating peaceful and friendly international relations and for permitting the free play of demographic processes as well.

The concept of literacy, which varies from country to country, generally refers to the minimum level of literacy skills. This minimum level varies from an ability to communicate orally to make a check of a variety of difficult arithmetical computations.

All those persons who are classified as literates on the basis of their ability to both read and write are further subdivided into a number of categories on the basis of their length of schooling.

Literacy in India is key for socio-economic progress, and the Indian literacy rate has grown to 74.04% (2011 figure) from 12% at the end of British rule in 1947. Although this was a greater than six fold improvement, the level is well below the world average literacy rate of 84%, and of all nations, India currently has the largest illiterate population. Despite government programs, India’s literacy rate increased only “sluggishly”, and a 1990 study estimated that it would take until 2060 for India to achieve universal literacy at then-current rate of progress. The 2011 census, however, indicated a 2001–2011 decadal literacy growth of 9.2%, which is slower than the growth seen during the previous decade.

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